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Sequential results? IRDAM journals? Both of these entities really exist, and both are relevant to how results are reported for some types of studies. How and when they apply become clearer if we start with a refresher on the organization of the scientific paper. An earlier article in this series (1) introduced the IMRAD4 format (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion), a standard set in 1972 by the American National Standards Institute and the most commonly used format today. This format works well for studies in which the experiments are planned in advance or performed in a predefined order. It therefore includes a study design subsection in the Methods section, usually at the beginning. Examples of these types of studies include method development and validation, randomized controlled trials, studies of diagnostic test performance, intervention trials, and observational studies.In contrast, basic research studies often begin with a hypothesis to be tested, but beyond the initial experiment or starting point, the experiments performed throughout the study are not necessarily planned in advance. In fact, the results of one experiment typically set the direction for subsequent experiments. Because the results, not a preset series of experiments or methods, drive the study, articles written for many basic research journals tend to emphasize the Results section and subordinate the Methods section to the Results. The format used by many high-impact basic research journals, such as Nature , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , Journal of Clinical Investigation , and Journal of Cell Biology , is arranged so that the Results section immediately follows the Introduction. The Methods section is placed at the end, or it may even be published as a supplemental data file. This is the IRDAM format (Introduction, Results, Discussion, and Methods) (2).The IRDAM format requires a substantial …

If an IRDAM Journal Is What You Choose, Then Sequential Results Are What You Use1