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As a resistance elicitor, riboflavin (vitamin B 2 ) protects plants against a wide range of pathogens. At molecular biological levels, it is important to elucidate the signaling pathways underlying the disease resistance induced by riboflavin. Here, riboflavin was tested to induce resistance against virulent  Pseudomonas syringae  pv.  Tomato  DC3000 ( Pst  DC3000) in Arabidopsis. Results showed that riboflavin induced disease resistance based on MAPK-dependent priming for the expression of  PR1  gene. Riboflavin induced transient expression of  PR1  gene. However, following  Pst  DC3000 inoculation, riboflavin potentiated stronger  PR1  gene transcription. Further was suggested that the transcript levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases, MPK3 and MPK6, were primed under riboflavin. Upon infection by  Pst  DC3000, these two enzymes were more strongly activated. The elevated activation of both MPK3 and MPK6 was responsible for enhanced defense gene expression and resistance after riboflavin treatment. Moreover, riboflavin significantly reduced the transcript levels of MPK3 and MPK6 by application of AsA and BAPTA, an H 2 O 2  scavenger and a calcium (Ca 2+ ) scavenger, respectively. In conclusion, MPK3 and MPK6 were responsible for riboflavin-induced resistance, and played an important role in H 2 O 2 - and Ca 2+ -related signaling pathways, and this study could provide a new insight into the mechanistic study of riboflavin-induced defense responses.

Riboflavin-Induced Disease Resistance Requires the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases 3 and 6 in Arabidopsis thaliana