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A relatively large number of studies reassert the strong relationship between galling insect diversity and extreme hydric and thermal status in some habitats, and an overall pattern of a greater number of galling species in the understory of scleromorphic vegetation. We compared galling insect diversity in the forest canopy and its relationship with tree richness among upland  terra firme ,  várzea,  and  igapó  floodplains in Amazonia, Brazil. The soils of these forest types have highly different hydric and nutritional status. Overall, we examined the upper layer of 1,091 tree crowns. Galling species richness and abundance were higher in  terra firme  forests compared to  várzea  and  igapó  forests. GLM-ANCOVA models revealed that the number of tree species sampled in each forest type was determinant in the gall-forming insect diversity. The ratio between galling insect richness and number of tree species sampled (GIR/TSS ratio) was higher in the  terra firme  forest and in seasonally flooded  igapó , while the  várzea  presented the lowest GIR/TSS ratio. In this study, we recorded unprecedented values of galling species diversity and abundance  per  sampling point. The GIR/TSS ratio from  várzea  was approximately 2.5 times higher than the highest value of this ratio ever reported in the literature. Based on this fact, we ascertained that  várzea  and  igapó  floodplain forests (with lower GIA and GIR), together with the speciose  terra firme  galling community emerge as the gall diversity apex landscape among all biogeographic regions already investigated. Contrary to expectation, our results also support the “harsh environment hypothesis”, and unveil the Amazonian upper canopy as similar to Mediterranean vegetation habitats, hygrothermically stressed environments with leaf temperature at lethal limits and high levels of leaf sclerophylly.

Unexpected High Diversity of Galling Insects in the Amazonian Upper Canopy: The Savanna Out There