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The  Drosophila melanogaster 91-R  and  91-C  strains are of common origin, however,  91-R  has been intensely selected for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) resistance over six decades while  91-C  has been maintained as the non-selected control strain. These fly strains represent a unique genetic resource to understand the accumulation and fixation of mutations under laboratory conditions over decades of pesticide selection. Considerable research has been done to investigate the differential expression of genes associated with the highly DDT resistant strain  91-R , however, with the advent of whole genome sequencing we can now begin to develop an in depth understanding of the genomic changes associated with this intense decades-long xenobiotic selection pressure. Here we present the first whole genome sequencing analysis of the  91-R  and  91-C  fly strains to identify genome-wide structural changes within the open reading frames. Between-strain changes in allele frequencies revealed a higher percent of new alleles going to fixation for the  91-R  strain, as compared to  91-C  ( P <0.0001). These results suggest that resistance to DDT in the  91-R  laboratory strain could potentially be due primarily to new mutations, as well as being polygenic rather than the result of a few major mutations, two hypotheses that remain to be tested.

plos one

Genome-Wide Sequencing and an Open Reading Frame Analysis of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) Susceptible (91-C) and Resistant (91-R) Drosophila melanogaster Laboratory Populations