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MADS-box genes have been reported to play a major role in the molecular circuit of developmental regulation. Especially,  SEPALLATA  ( SEP ) group genes play a central role in the developmental regulation of ripening in both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of  SEP  genes to non-climacteric fruits ripening are still unclear. Here a  SEP  gene of pepper,  CaMADS-RIN , has been cloned and exhibited elevated expression at the onset of ripening of pepper. To further explore the function of  CaMADS-RIN , an overexpressed construct was created and transformed into  ripening inhibitor  ( rin ) mutant tomato plants. Broad ripening phenotypes were observed in  CaMADS-RIN  overexpressed  rin  fruits. The accumulation of carotenoid and expression of  PDS  and  ZDS  were enhanced in overexpressed fruits compared with  rin  mutant. The transcripts of cell wall metabolism genes ( PG ,  EXP1  and  TBG4 ) and lipoxygenase genes ( TomloxB  and  TomloxC ) accumulated more abundant compared to  rin  mutant. Besides, both ethylene-dependent genes including  ACS2 ,  ACO1 ,  E4  and  E8  and ethylene-independent genes such as  HDC  and  Nor  were also up-regulated in transgenic fruits at different levels. Moreover, transgenic fruits showed approximately 1–3 times increase in ethylene production compared with  rin  mutant fruits. Yeast two-hybrid screen results indicated that CaMADS-RIN could interact with TAGL1, FUL1 and itself respectively as SlMADS-RIN did in vitro. These results suggest that  CaMADS-RIN  affects fruit ripening of tomato both in ethylene-dependent and ethylene-independent aspects, which will provide a set of significant data to explore the role of  SEP  genes in ripening of non-climacteric fruits.

A Non-Climacteric Fruit Gene CaMADS-RIN Regulates Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Biosynthesis in Climacteric Fruit