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Background  Several evidences indicate that gut microbiota is involved in the control of host energy metabolism.    Objective  To evaluate the differences in the composition of gut microbiota in rat models under different nutritional status and physical activity and to identify their associations with serum leptin and ghrelin levels.    Methods  In a case control study, forty male rats were randomly assigned to one of these four experimental groups: ABA group with food restriction and free access to exercise; control ABA group with food restriction and no access to exercise; exercise group with free access to exercise and feed ad libitum and ad libitum group without access to exercise and feed ad libitum. The fecal bacteria composition was investigated by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and real-time qPCR.    Results  In restricted eaters, we have found a significant increase in the number of  Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Prevotella and M. smithii  and a significant decrease in the quantities of  Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, B. coccoides-E. rectale group, Lactobacillus  and  Bifidobacterium  with respect to unrestricted eaters. Moreover, a significant increase in the number of  Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium  and  B. coccoides–E. rectale  group was observed in exercise group with respect to the rest of groups. We also found a significant positive correlation between the quantity of  Bifidobacterium  and  Lactobacillus  and serum leptin levels, and a significant and negative correlation among the number of  Clostridium, Bacteroides  and  Prevotella  and serum leptin levels in all experimental groups. Furthermore, serum ghrelin levels were negatively correlated with the quantity of  Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus  and  B. coccoides–Eubacterium rectale  group and positively correlated with the number of  Bacteroides  and  Prevotella .    Conclusions  Nutritional status and physical activity alter gut microbiota composition affecting the diversity and similarity. This study highlights the associations between gut microbiota and appetite-regulating hormones that may be important in terms of satiety and host metabolism.

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Gut Microbiota Composition in Male Rat Models under Different Nutritional Status and Physical Activity and Its Association with Serum Leptin and Ghrelin Levels