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The microRNA  miR393  has been shown to play a role in plant development and in the stress response by targeting mRNAs that code for the auxin receptors in  Arabidopsis . In this study, we verified that two rice auxin receptor gene homologs ( OsTIR1  and  OsAFB2 ) could be targeted by  OsmiR393  ( Os  for  Oryza sativa ). Two new phenotypes (increased tillers and early flowering) and two previously observed phenotypes (reduced tolerance to salt and drought and hyposensitivity to auxin) were observed in the  OsmiR393 -overexpressing rice plants. The  OsmiR393 -overexpressing rice demonstrated hyposensitivity to synthetic auxin-analog treatments. These data indicated that the phenotypes of  OsmiR393 -overexpressing rice may be caused through hyposensitivity to the auxin signal by reduced expression of two auxin receptor genes ( OsTIR1  and  OsAFB2 ). The expression of an auxin transporter ( OsAUX1 ) and a tillering inhibitor ( OsTB1 ) were downregulated by overexpression of  OsmiR393 , which suggested that a gene chain from  OsmiR393  to rice tillering may be from  OsTIR1  and  OsAFB2  to  OsAUX1 , which affected the transportation of auxin, then to  OsTB1 , which finally controlled tillering. The positive phenotypes (increased tillers and early flowering) and negative phenotypes (reduced tolerance to salt and hyposensitivity to auxin) of  OsmiR393 -overexpressing rice present a dilemma for molecular breeding.

OsTIR1 and OsAFB2 Downregulation via OsmiR393 Overexpression Leads to More Tillers, Early Flowering and Less Tolerance to Salt and Drought in Rice