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Systemic inflammation is often associated with impaired glucose metabolism. We therefore studied the activation of inflammatory pathway intermediates that interfere with glucose uptake during systemic inflammation by applying a standardised inflammatory stimulus  in vivo . After ethical approval, informed consent and a thorough physical examination, 10 patients with type 2 diabetes and 10 participants with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) were given an intravenous bolus of  E. coli  lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of 0.3 ng/kg. Skeletal muscle biopsies and plasma were obtained at baseline and two, four and six hours after LPS. Nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 DNA binding activity measured by ELISA, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 mRNA expression analysed by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and abundance of inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB)α, phosphorylated c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase measured by Western blotting were detected in muscle biopsy samples. Relative to subjects with NGT, patients with type 2 diabetes exhibited a more pronounced increase in NF-κB binding activity and JNK phosphorylation after LPS, whereas skeletal muscle cytokine mRNA expression did not differ significantly between groups. AMPK phosphorylation increased in volunteers with NGT, but not in those with diabetes. The present findings indicate that pathways regulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscle may be involved in the development of inflammation-associated hyperglycemia. Patients with type 2 diabetes exhibit changes in these pathways, which may ultimately render such patients more prone to develop dysregulated glucose disposal in the context of systemic inflammation.   Trial Registration  ClinicalTrials.gov  NCT00412906

Type 2 Diabetes Is Associated with Altered NF-κB DNA Binding Activity, JNK Phosphorylation, and AMPK Phosphorylation in Skeletal Muscle after LPS