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Background  Activator protein-1 (AP-1) is a mediator of BMP or FGF signaling during  Xenopus  embryogenesis. However, specific role of AP-1 in activin signaling has not been elucidated during vertebrate development.    Methodology/Principal Findings  We provide new evidence showing that overexpression of heterodimeric AP-1 comprised of c- jun  and c- fos  (AP-1 c-Jun/c-Fos ) induces the expression of BMP-antagonizing organizer genes ( noggin, chordin and goosecoid ) that were normally expressed by high dose of activin. AP-1 c-Jun/c-Fos  enhanced the promoter activities of organizer genes but reduced that of  PV.1 , a BMP4-response gene. A loss of function study clearly demonstrated that AP-1 c-Jun/c-Fos  is required for the activin-induced organizer and neural gene expression. Moreover, physical interaction of AP-1 c-Jun/c-Fos  and Smad3 cooperatively enhanced the transcriptional activity of  goosecoid  via direct binding on this promoter. Interestingly, Smad3 mutants at c-Jun binding site failed in regulation of organizer genes, indicating that these physical interactions are specifically necessary for the expression of organizer genes.    Conclusions/Significance  AP-1 c-Jun/c-Fos  plays a specific role in organizer gene expression in downstream of activin signal during early  Xenopus  embryogenesis.

The Function of Heterodimeric AP-1 Comprised of c-Jun and c-Fos in Activin Mediated Spemann Organizer Gene Expression