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Background  In plants, the ubiquitin-proteasome system is emerging as a significant regulatory system throughout the plant lifecycle. The ubiquitination of a target protein requires the sequential actions of the E1, E2 and E3 enzymes, with the latter E3 enzyme conferring target selection in this process. There are a large number of predicted E3 enzymes in plant genomes, and very little is known about the functions of many of these predicted genes. Here we report here an analysis of two closely-related members of the  Arabidopsis  Plant U-box (PUB) family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, PUB43 and PUB44.    Principal Findings  Homozygous  pub44/pub44  mutant seedlings were found displayed a seedling lethal phenotype and this corresponded with widespread cell death lesions throughout the cotyledons and roots. Interestingly, heterozygous  PUB44/pub44  seedlings were wild-type in appearance yet displayed intermediate levels of cell death lesions in comparison to  pub44/pub44  seedlings. In contrast, homozygous  pub43/pub43  mutants were viable and did not show any signs of cell death despite the  PUB43  gene being more highly expressed than  PUB44 . The  PUB44  mutants are not classical lesion mimic mutants as they did not have increased resistance to plant pathogens. We also observed increased germination rates in mutant seeds for both  PUB44  and  PUB43  under inhibitory concentrations of abscisic acid. Finally, the subcellular localization of PUB44 was investigated with transient expression assays in BY-2 cells. Under varying conditions, PUB44 was observed to be localized to the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, or nucleus.    Conclusions  Based on mutant plant analyses, the  Arabidopsis  PUB43 and PUB44 genes are proposed to function during seed germination and early seedling growth. Given PUB44's ability to shuttle from the nucleus to the plasma membrane, PUB44 may be active in different subcellular compartments as part of these biological functions.

Altered Germination and Subcellular Localization Patterns for PUB44/SAUL1 in Response to Stress and Phytohormone Treatments