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Background  The gene  doublesex (dsx)  is at the bottom of the sex determination genetic cascade and is transcribed in both sexes, but gives rise to two different proteins, DsxF and DsxM, which impose female and male sexual development respectively via the sex-specific regulation of the so-called sexual cyto-differentiation genes. The present manuscript addressed the question about the functional conservation of the tephritid  Anastrepha  DsxF and DsxM proteins to direct the sexual development in  Drosophila  (Drosophilidae).    Methodology  To express these proteins in  Drosophila , the GAL4-UAS system was used. The effect of these proteins was monitored in the sexually dimorphic regions of the fly: the foreleg basitarsus, the 5th, 6th and 7th tergites, and the external terminalia. In addition, we analysed the effect of  Anastrepha  DsxF and DsxM proteins on the regulation of  Drosophila yolk protein  genes, which are expressed in the fat body of adult females under the control of  dsx .    Conclusions  The  Anastrepha  DsxF and DsxM proteins transformed  doublesex  intersexual  Drosophila  flies into females and males respectively, though this transformation was incomplete and the extent of their influence varied in the different sexually dimorphic regions of the adult fly. The  Anastrepha  DsxF and DsxM proteins also behaved as activators and repressors, respectively, of the  Drosophila yolk protein  genes, as do the DsxF and DsxM proteins of  Drosophila  itself. Finally, the  Anastrepha  DsxF and DsxM proteins were found to counteract the functions of  Drosophila  DsxM and DsxF respectively, reflecting the normal behaviour of the latter proteins towards one another. Collectively, these results indicate that the  Anastrepha  DsxF and DsxM proteins show conserved female and male sex-determination function respectively in  Drosophila , though it appears that they cannot fully substitute the latter's own Dsx proteins. This incomplete function might be partly due to a reduced capacity of the  Anastrepha  Dsx proteins to completely control the  Drosophila  sexual cyto-differentiation genes, a consequence of the accumulation of divergence between these species resulting in the formation of different co-adapted complexes between the Dsx proteins and their target genes.

Effect of the Gene doublesex of Anastrepha on the Somatic Sexual Development of Drosophila