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Background  Control of  Aedes aegypti , the mosquito vector of dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever, is a challenging task. Pyrethroid insecticides have emerged as a preferred choice for vector control but are threatened by the emergence of resistance. The present study reports a focus of pyrethroid resistance and presence of two  kdr  mutations—F1534C and a novel mutation T1520I, in  Ae. aegypti  from Delhi, India.    Methodology/Principal Findings  Insecticide susceptibility status of adult-female  Ae. aegypti  against DDT (4%), deltamethrin (0.05%) and permethrin (0.75%) was determined using WHO's standard insecticide susceptibility kit, which revealed resistance to DDT, deltamethrin and permethrin with corrected mortalities of 35%, 72% and 76% respectively. Mosquitoes were screened for the presence of  kdr  mutations including those reported earlier (I1011V/M, V1016G/I, F1534C, D1794Y and S989P), which revealed the presence of F1534C and a novel mutation T1520I. Highly specific PCR-RFLP assays were developed for genotyping of these two mutations. Genotyping using allele specific PCR and new PCR-RFLP assays revealed a high frequency of F1534C (0.41–0.79) and low frequency of novel mutation T1520I (0.13). The latter was observed to be tightly linked with F1534C and possibly serve as a compensatory mutation. A positive association of F1534C mutation with DDT and deltamethrin resistance in  Ae. aegypti  was established. However, F1534C- kdr  did not show significant protection against permethrin.    Conclusions/Significance  The  Aedes aegypti  population of Delhi is resistant to DDT, deltamethrin and permethrin. Two  kdr  mutations, F1534C and a novel mutation T1520I, were identified in this population. This is the first report of  kdr  mutations being present in the Indian  Ae. aegypti  population. Highly specific PCR-RFLP assays were developed for discrimination of alleles at both  kdr  loci. A positive association of F1534C mutation with DDT and deltamethrin resistance was confirmed.

Pyrethroid-Resistance and Presence of Two Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Mutations, F1534C and a Novel Mutation T1520I, in Indian Aedes aegypti