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Trypanosomatid parasites are causative agents of important human and animal diseases such as sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis. Most trypanosomatids are transmitted to their mammalian hosts by insects, often belonging to Diptera (or true flies). These are called dixenous trypanosomatids since they infect two different hosts, in contrast to those that infect just insects (monoxenous). However, it is still unclear whether dixenous and monoxenous trypanosomatids interact similarly with their insect host, as fly-monoxenous trypanosomatid interaction systems are rarely reported and under-studied–despite being common in nature. Here we present the genome of monoxenous trypanosomatid  Herpetomonas muscarum  and discuss its transcriptome during  in vitro  culture and during infection of its natural insect host  Drosophila melanogaster . The  H .  muscarum  genome is broadly syntenic with that of human parasite  Leishmania major . We also found strong similarities between the  H .  muscarum  transcriptome during fruit fly infection, and those of  Leishmania  during sand fly infections. Overall this suggests  Drosophila-Herpetomonas  is a suitable model for less accessible insect-trypanosomatid host-parasite systems such as sand fly- Leishmania .

Transcriptional and genomic parallels between the monoxenous parasite Herpetomonas muscarum and Leishmania