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To gain insight into the molecular genetic basis of standing variation in fitness related traits, we identify a novel factor that regulates the molecular and physiological basis of natural variation in female  Drosophila melanogaster  fecundity. Genetic variation in female fecundity in flies derived from a wild orchard population is heritable and largely independent of other measured life history traits. We map a portion of this variation to a single QTL and then use deficiency mapping to further refine this QTL to 5 candidate genes. Ubiquitous expression of RNAi against only one of these genes, an aquaporin encoded by  Drip , reduces fecundity. Within our mapping population  Drip  mRNA level in the head, but not other tissues, is positively correlated with fecundity. We localize  Drip  expression to a small population of corazonin producing neurons located in the dorsolateral posterior compartments of the protocerebrum. Expression of  Drip –RNAi using both the pan-neuronal  ELAV - Gal4  and the  Crz-Gal4  drivers reduces fecundity. Low-fecundity RILs have decreased  Crz  expression and increased expression of  pale , the enzyme encoding the rate-limiting step in the production of dopamine, a modulator of insect life histories. Taken together these data suggest that natural variation in  Drip  expression in the corazonin producing neurons contributes to standing variation in fitness by altering the concentration of two neurohormones.

Fine-Scale Mapping of Natural Variation in Fly Fecundity Identifies Neuronal Domain of Expression and Function of an Aquaporin