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The genetic basis of morphological differences among species is still poorly understood. We investigated the genetic basis of sex-specific differences in wing size between two closely related species of  Nasonia  by positional cloning a major male-specific locus,  wing-size1  ( ws1 ). Male wing size increases by 45% through cell size and cell number changes when the  ws1  allele from  N. giraulti  is backcrossed into a  N. vitripennis  genetic background. A positional cloning approach was used to fine-scale map the  ws1  locus to a 13.5 kilobase region. This region falls between  prospero  (a transcription factor involved in neurogenesis) and the master sex-determining gene  doublesex . It contains the 5′-UTR and  cis- regulatory domain of  doublesex , and no coding sequence. Wing size reduction correlates with an increase in  doublesex  expression level that is specific to developing male wings. Our results indicate that non-coding changes are responsible for recent divergence in sex-specific morphology between two closely related species. We have not yet resolved whether wing size evolution at the  ws1  locus is caused by regulatory alterations of  dsx  or  prospero,  or by another mechanism. This study demonstrates the feasibility of efficient positional cloning of quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in a broad array of phenotypic differences among  Nasonia  species.

Non-Coding Changes Cause Sex-Specific Wing Size Differences between Closely Related Species of Nasonia