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Understanding multiphase flows is vital to addressing some of our mostpressing human needs: clean air, clean water and the sustainable production offood and energy. This article focuses on a subset of multiphase flows calledparticle-laden suspensions involving non-deforming particles in a carrierfluid. The hydrodynamic interactions in these flows result in rich multiscalephysics, such as clustering and pseudo-turbulence, with important practicalimplications. Theoretical formulations to represent, explain and predict thesephenomena encounter peculiar challenges that multiphase flows pose forclassical statistical mechanics. A critical analysis of existing approachesleads to the identification of key desirable characteristics that a formulationmust possess in order to be successful at representing these physicalphenomena. The need to build accurate closure models for unclosed terms thatarise in statistical theories has motivated the development ofparticle-resolved direct numerical simulations (PR--DNS) for model-freesimulation at the microscale. A critical perspective on outstanding questionsand potential limitations of PR-DNS for model development is provided. Selectedhighlights of recent progress using PR-DNS to discover new multiphase flowphysics and develop models are reviewed. Alternative theoretical formulationsand extensions to current formulations are outlined as promising futureresearch directions. The article concludes with a summary perspective on theimportance of integrating theoretical, modeling, computational, andexperimental efforts at different scales.  This article is based on an invited talk given at the 2019 Annual Meeting ofthe American Physical Society's Division of Fluid Dynamics in Seattle, WA.

Multiphase Flows: Rich Physics, Challenging Theory, and Big Simulations