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The National Institutes of Health (NIH) issues this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) to solicit research project grant applications (R01) employing behavioral and social science theories, concepts, and methods 1) to improve understanding of the causes of disparities in health and disability among the various populations of the United States and 2) to develop and test more effective interventions for reducing and eventually eliminating health disparities. The goal is to move beyond documenting the existence of health and disability disparities to addressing causes and solutions. Definition of health disparities. Different public and private agencies have various definitions of a health disparity for their own program-related purposes, but these definitions tend to have several things in common. In general, health disparities are defined as significant differences between one population and another. Minority Health and Health Disparities Research and Education Act of 2000, which authorizes several HHS programs, describes these disparities as differences in "the overall rate of disease [or dis-ability] incidence, prevalence, morbidity, mortality or survival rates as compared to the health status of the general population." Although many different populations experience health disparities, this FOA is restricted to health disparities among populations defined by socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and/or rural–urban residence. Fuller understandings of causes and implications for solutions. Scientific research supported by NIH has been of great benefit to the health of the population in the United States. Research to improve diagnosis, treatment, and prevention has led to improvements in health care for most Americans, and significant declines in disability, morbidity, and mortality from numerous diseases and conditions. As a result, the population can expect not only to live longer, but to be more productive and to enjoy a higher quality of life. However, these gains have not affected all segments of the population equally. A few examples of persistent health disparities are as follows: 1) Over the last decade, the infant mortality rate remains more than twice as high among African Americans compared with European Americans, even when controlling for socioeconomic factors. American Indians and Alaskan Native infants also have a death rate almost double that of European Americans. 2) A disproportionate burden of death and disability from cardiovascular disease and stroke is found in low-income populations and among African Americans. 3) Incidence of reported lung, colon, rectal, and cervical cancer is substantially higher in the Appalachian region, where the incidence of lung and cervical cancer is one-third higher than …

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