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Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are contained in a various cell membranes and have recently been implicated in many physiologic functions. They are classified based on their sugar moieties into ceramides, cerebrosides, sulfatides, ceramide-oligohexosides, globosides, and gangliosides. A number of GSLs have been obtained from marine invertebrates such as echinoderms, poriferans, and mollusks and have unique biological activities. During the course of our search for biologically active GSLs from echinoderms, we conducted the isolation and structural elucidation of GSLs from starfish and feather stars and found numerous GSLs, some of which have unique structures. In particular, gangliosides from feather stars were unique in that the sialic acids bind to inositol-phosphoceramide. We also found that the GSLs from starfish and feather stars possess neuritogenic activity toward the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12, antihyperglycemic effects against type 2 diabetic BKS. Cg-m+/+Leprdb/J (db/db) mice, and antiosteoporosis effects toward the osteoporosis model mice (OVX mice). These biological activities are thought to be related to dementia, osteoporosis, and diabetes, which are becoming social problems, and are expected to become the seeds of preventive or therapeutic drugs for these illness.

Structure and Biological Activity of Glycosphingolipids from Starfish and Feather Stars