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This essay examines the lives of four Arapahos whose experiences are broadly representative of the life-career patterns of their cohorts during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It argues that in the American encounter, individuals and groups challenged both American and Arapaho ideas and practices associated with age and gender. Comparison of experiences between and within cohorts shows age- and gender-based strategies, including the "partnering" dimen - sion of gender relations most evident in the wife-husband relation. These multiple strategies shaped Arapaho history. If you were to approach an Arapaho camp on their Oklahoma reservation in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century, you would see hundreds of white tents along a stream and beside most of the tents, a wagon and a patch of white. Upon closer inspection, the patches of white are groups of relatively motionless chickens. The chickens are tethered like horses were before the reservation days. Women are washing clothes in the stream with soap weed. Little boys are playing baseball. Everywhere, running free, are packs of barking dogs. Meanwhile, the band headmen are in the Indian agent's office negotiating how many days the people can camp together away from their home places. 1 Arapahos and their Cheyenne allies arrived on the reservation in 1870. Reservation life meant close supervision and penalties for deviation from government policy. In the early twentieth century, they had only small home places because most of their land was leased to settlers. But periodically, the Arapahos came together in large camps and held councils and ceremonies where decision making and the exercise of authority took place. This essay examines the lives of four Arapahos who would have been in

Presidential Lecture: Wives and Husbands: Arapaho Gender in Time