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Quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field are known to produce theatomic Lamb shift. We here reveal their iconic signature in semiconductorphysics, through the blue-shift they produce to optically bright excitons, thuslifting the energy of these excitons above their dark counterparts. Theelectromagnetic field here acts in its full complexity: in addition to thelongitudinal part via interband \textit{virtual Coulomb} processes, thetransverse part -- which has been missed up to now -- also acts via resonantand nonresonant \textit{virtual photons}. These two parts beautifully combineto produce a bright exciton blue-shift independent of the exciton wave-vectordirection. Our work readily leads to a striking prediction: long-lived excitonsmust have a small bright-dark splitting. Although the analogy between excitonand hydrogen atom could lead us to see the bright exciton shift as a Lambshift, this is not fully so: the atom shift entirely comes from virtualphotons, whereas the Coulomb interaction also contributes to the exciton shiftthrough the so-called "electron-hole exchange".

Signature of electromagnetic quantum fluctuations in exciton physics