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Background  The potential role of fungal organisms and their co-aggregation with either periodontopathogens or opportunistic pathogens at peri-implantitis sites is unknown. The aim of the present study was to qualitatively/quantitatively analyze and correlate fungal organisms and bacterial species at peri-implantitis sites.    Methods  In a total of 29 patients, submucosal/subgingival plaque samples were collected at peri-implantitis and healthy implant sites as well as teeth with a history of periodontitis (controls). A real-time PCR assay was established for the qualification of fungal organisms and a TaqMan assay for the quantification of  Porphyromonas gingivalis ,  Parvimonas micra ,  Tannerella forsythia ,  Mycoplasma salivarium ,  Veillonella parvula , and  Staphylococcus aureus .    Results  Fungal organisms were more frequently identified at peri-implantitis (31.6%) (i.e.,  Candida albicans ,  Candida boidinii ,  Penicillium  spp . ,  Rhodotorula laryngis ,  Paelicomyces  spp . ,  Saccharomycetes ,  Cladosporium cladosporioides ) and healthy implant sites (40% -  Candida dubliniensis ,  C. cladosporioides ) than at selected teeth (20% -  C. albicans ,  Fusarium solani ). At implant sites, fungal organisms were significantly correlated with  P. micra  and  T. forsythia .    Conclusions   Candida  spp .  and other fungal organisms were frequently identified at peri-implantitis as well as healthy implant sites and co-colonized with  P. micra  and  T. forsythia .

Real-time PCR analysis of fungal organisms and bacterial species at peri-implantitis sites