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Background  Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) are highly endemic in Xiji County of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR) in China where the control campaign based on dog de-worming with praziquantel has been undertaken over preceding decades. This study is to determine the current prevalence of  Echinococcus granulosus  and  E. multilocularis  in domestic dogs and monitor the echinococcosis transmission dynamics.    Methods  Study villages were selected using landscape patterns (Geographic Information System, GIS) for  Echinococcus  transmission “hot spots”, combined with hospital records identifying risk areas for AE and CE. A survey of 750 domestic dogs, including copro-sampling and owner questionnaires, from 25 selected villages, was undertaken in 2012. A copro-multiplex PCR assay was used for the specific diagnosis of  E. granulosus  and  E. multilocularis  in the dogs. Data analysis, using IBM SPSS Statistics, was undertaken, to compare the prevalence of the two  Echinococcus  spp. in dogs between four geographical areas of Xiji by the  χ  2  test. Univariate analysis of the combinations of outcomes from the questionnaire and copro-PCR assay data was carried out to determine the significant risk factors for dog infection.    Results  The highest de-worming rate of 84.0% was found in the northwest area of Xiji County, and significant differences ( P  <  0.05) in the de-worming rates among dogs from the four geographical areas of Xiji were detected. The highest prevalence (19.7%, 59/300) of  E. multilocularis  occurred in northwest Xiji, though the highest prevalence (18.1%, 38/210) of  E. granulosus  occurred in southwest Xiji. There was no significant difference ( P  >  0.05) in the prevalence of  E. granulosus  in dogs from the northwest, southwest, northeast, and southeast of Xiji, but there were significant differences ( P  <  0.05) between dogs infected with  E. multilocularis  from the four areas. None of the other independent variables was statistically significant.    Conclusions  The results from this study indicate a high prevalence of both  E. granulosus  and  E. muiltilocularis  in dogs in Xiji County, NHAR. Transmission of  E. multilocularis  was more impacted by geographical risk-factors in Xiji County than that of  E. granulosus . Dogs have the potential to maintain the transmission of both species of  Echinococcus  within local Xiji communities, and the current praziquantel dosing of dogs appears to be ineffective or poorly implemented in this area.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0458-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Estimating the prevalence of Echinococcus in domestic dogs in highly endemic for echinococcosis