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Background  Acute diarrhea is a global health problem, resulting in high morbidity and mortality in children. It has been suggested that enteric pathogen co-infections play an important role in gastroenteritis, but most research efforts have only focused on a small range of species belonging to a few pathogen groups. This study aimed to assess the impact of co-infections with a broad range of enteric pathogens on children aged below five years who suffer from acute diarrhea in southwest China.    Method  A total of 1020 subjects (850 diarrhea cases and 170 healthy controls) were selected from four sentinel hospitals in Kunming, Yunnan province, southwest China, from June 2014 to July 2015. Stool specimens were collected to detect five virus (rotavirus group A, RVA; norovirus, NoV;  Sapovirus,  SaV; astrovirus, As; and adenovirus, Ad), seven bacterial (diarrheagenic  Escherichia coli , DEC; non-typhoidal  Salmonella , NTS;  Shigella  spp.;  Vibrio cholera ;  Vibrio parahaemolyticus ;  Aeromonas  spp.; and  Plesiomonas  spp.), and three protozoan ( Cryptosporidium  spp.,  Giardia lamblia , and  Blastocystis hominis ,  B. hominis ) species using standard microbiologic and molecular methods. Data were analyzed using the partial least square regression technique and chi-square test.    Results  At least one enteric pathogen was detected in 46.7 % ( n  = 397) of acute gastroenteritis cases and 13.5 % ( n  = 23) of healthy controls (χ 2  = 64.4,  P  < 0.05). Single infection with RVA was associated with acute diarrhea (26.5 % vs. 5.8 %,  P  < 0.05). The prevalence of a single infection with  B. hominis  in diarrhea cases was higher than in healthy controls (3.1 % vs. 0.5 %,  OR  = 4.7, 95 %  CI : 1.01–112.0). Single infection with NoV GII was not associated with diarrhea (4.4 % vs. 3.5 %,  OR  = 1.2, 95 %  CI : 0.5–3.3). Single infections with bacterial species were not observed. The prevalence of co-infections with two enteric pathogens in diarrhea cases was higher than in asymptomatic children (20.1 % vs. 5.3 %,  P  < 0.05). RVA-NoV GII was the most common co-infection in symptomatic children (4.4 %), with it aggravating the severity of diarrhea.    Conclusions  Although it is clear that RVA has an overwhelming impact on diarrhea illnesses in children, co-infection with other enteric pathogens appears to also aggravate diarrhea severity. These findings should serve as evidence for public health services when planning and developing intervention programs.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-016-0157-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Impact of co-infections with enteric pathogens on children suffering from acute diarrhea in southwest China