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Background  There is a lack of systematic and comprehensive evaluations whether food intakes lower or increase risk of chronic diseases. In this network meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, we aim to evaluate the effects of different foods on risk of chronic diseases.    Methods/design  We will search PubMed and EMBASE. This will be supplemented by a hand search and author contacts. Citations, abstracts, and relevant papers will be screened for eligibility by two reviewers independently. Prospective cohort studies will be included if they meet the following criteria: (1) evaluate the association of single food or food groups with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular diseases (incidence and mortality), cancer (incidence and mortality) or risk of type 2 diabetes. The following food groups will be evaluated: whole grains, refined grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts, legumes, eggs, dairy products, fish, red meat, processed meat and sugar-sweetened beverages; (2) include participants ≥18 years of age; and (3) study population were free of outcome(s) of interest at the onset of the study. To assess study quality, we will extract the following characteristics: study size, duration of follow-up, dietary assessment method, assessment of outcome and adjustment factors. If the identified studies appear sufficiently similar within and across the different comparisons between pairs of food groups, we will estimate summary-relative effects using random effects network meta-analysis. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses will be performed stratified by different follow-up cut-points, geographical region and sex.    Discussion  This is a presentation of the study protocol only. Results and conclusions are pending completion of this study. Our systematic review will be of great value to national and international authorities for evidence-based nutritional recommendation/guidelines, regarding the implementation of food-based dietary guidelines for prevention of chronic diseases. Moreover, our results can be implemented to develop new diet quality indices/scores.    Systematic review registration  PROSPERO  CRD42016037069Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0302-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Food groups and risk of chronic disease: a protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis of cohort studies