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Background  Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a reliable resource for bone regeneration and tissue engineering, but the molecular mechanisms of differentiation remain unclear. The tumor antigen 15-leucine-rich repeat containing membrane protein (LRRC15) is a transmembrane protein demonstrated to play important roles in cancer. However, little is known about its role in osteogenesis. This study was to evaluate the functions of LRRC15 in osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.    Methods  Osteogenic-induction treatment and the ovariectomized (OVX) model were performed to investigate the potential relationship between LRRC15 and MSC osteogenesis. A loss-of-function study was used to explore the functions of LRRC15 in osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in vitro and in vivo. NF-κB pathway inhibitor BAY117082, siRNA, nucleocytoplasmic separation, and ChIP assays were performed to clarify the molecular mechanism of LRRC15 in bone regulation.    Results  Our results first demonstrated that LRRC15 expression was upregulated upon osteogenic induction, and the level of LRRC15 was significantly decreased in OVX mice. Both in-vitro and in-vivo experiments detected that LRRC15 was required for osteogenesis of MSCs. Mechanistically, LRRC15 inhibited transcription factor NF-κB signaling by affecting the subcellular localization of p65. Further studies indicated that LRRC15 regulated osteogenic differentiation in a p65-dependent manner.    Conclusions  Taken together, our findings reveal that LRRC15 is an essential regulator for osteogenesis of MSCs through modulating p65 cytoplasmic/nuclear translocation, and give a novel hint for MSC-mediated bone regeneration.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0809-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

LRRC15 promotes osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by modulating p65 cytoplasmic/nuclear translocation