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Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica syndrome disease (NMOSD) are inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. The pathogenesis and treatments for these two conditions are very different. Natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells are immune cells with an important role in shaping the immune response. B cells are involved in antigen presentation as well as antibody and cytokine production. There is conflicting evidence of the roles of NK, NKT, and B cells in the two conditions. We aimed to compare the frequency of CD3 − CD16 + CD56 + NK, CD3 +  CD56 +  NKT, and CD5 + CD19 +  B cells in the peripheral blood and serum Interleukin-10 (IL-10) in patients with MS and NMOSD. Methods CD19 + CD5 +  B, CD3 −  CD16 + CD56 +  NK, and CD3 + CD56 +  NKT cells were quantitated by flow cytometry in 15 individuals with Interferon-Beta (IFN-β) treated relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS), 15 untreated RRMS, and 15 NMOSD patients as well as 30 healthy controls (HC). Serum IL-10 was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The percentage of CD3 − CD56 + CD16 +  NK cells in the peripheral blood of IFN-treated MS (1.81 ± 0.87) was significantly lower than for untreated RRMS (4.74 ± 1.80), NMOSD (4.64 ± 1.26) and HC (5.83 ± 2.19) (p &lt; 0.0001). There were also differences for the percentage of CD3 − CD16 +  and CD3 − CD56 +  cells (p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.0007; respectively). IFN-treated RRMS (2.89 ± 1.51) had the lowest proportion of CD3 + CD56 +  among the study groups (p &lt; 0.002). Untreated RRMS (5.56 ± 3.04) and NMOSD (5.47 ± 1.24) had higher levels of CD3 + CD56 +  than the HC (3.16 ± 1.98). The mean percentage of CD19 + CD5 +  B cells in the peripheral blood of untreated RRMS patients (1.32 ± 0.67) was higher compared to the patients with NMOSD (0.30 ± 0.20), HC (0.5 ± 0.22) and IFN-treated RRMS (0.81 ± 0.17) (p &lt; 0.0001). Serum interleukin-10 was significantly higher in the IFN-treated RRMS (8.06 ± 5.39) and in HC (8.38 ± 2.84) compared to untreated RRMS (5.07 ± 1.44) and the patients with NMOSD (5.33 ± 2.56) (p &lt; 0.003). Conclusions The lower proportion of CD3 − CD56 +  CD16 +  NK and CD3 + CD56 +  cells in peripheral blood of IFN-treated RRMS compared to other groups suggests the importance of immunomodulation in patients with RRMS disorder. Based on the differences in CD19 + CD5 +  B cells and serum IL-10 between patients and HC, supplementary assessments could be of value in clarifying their roles in autoimmunity.

allergy, asthma and clinical immunology/allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology

The frequencies of peripheral blood CD5+CD19+ B cells, CD3−CD16+CD56+ NK, and CD3+CD56+ NKT cells and serum interleukin-10 in patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder