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Objective   Rhizoctonia solani  is a soil-borne fungal pathogen of many important crop plants. In rice,  R. solani  causes sheath blight disease, which results in devastating grain yield and quality losses. Few methods are available to control this pathogen and classic single gene resistance mechanisms in rice plants have not been identified. We hypothesize that alternate means of control are available in the environment including free-living amoebae. Amoebae are soil-, water- and air-borne microorganisms that are predominantly heterotrophic. Many amoeba species are mycophagous, and several harm their prey using mechanisms other than phagocytosis. Here, we used light and scanning electron microscopy to survey the interactions of  R. solani  with four amoeba species, with the goal of identifying amoebae species with potential for biocontrol.    Results  We observed a wide range of responses during interactions of  R. solani  with four different free-living amoebae. Two  Acanthamoeba  species encyst in co-cultures with  R. solani  at higher rates than medium without  R. solani .  Vermamoeba vermiformis  (formerly  Hartmanella vermiformis ) attach to  R. solani  mycelium and are associated with mycelial shriveling and perforations of fungal cell walls, indicating an antagonistic interaction. No phenotypic changes were observed in co-cultures of  Dictyostelium discoideum  and  R. solani .

Interactions of free-living amoebae with the rice fungal pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani