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Background  The type I interferon (IFN) signature in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has shown clinical relevance in relation to disease onset and therapeutic response. Identification of the cell type(s) contributing to this IFN signature could provide insight into the signature’s functional consequences. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of peripheral leukocyte subsets to the IFN signature in early arthritis.    Methods  Blood was collected from 26 patients with early arthritis and lysed directly or separated into peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs). PBMCs were sorted into CD4 +  T cells, CD8 +  T cells, CD19 +  B cells, and CD14 +  monocytes by flow cytometry. Messenger RNA expression of three interferon response genes (IRGs  RSAD2 ,  IFI44L , and  MX1 ) and type I interferon receptors ( IFNAR1  and  IFNAR2 ) was determined in whole blood and blood cell subsets by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. IRG expression was averaged to calculate an IFN score for each sample.    Results  Patients were designated “IFN high ” ( n  = 8) or “IFN low ” ( n  = 18) on the basis of an IFN score cutoff in whole peripheral blood from healthy control subjects. The difference in IFN score between IFN high  and IFN low  patients was remarkably large for the PMN fraction (mean 25-fold) compared with the other subsets (mean 6- to 9-fold), indicating that PMNs are the main inducers of IRGs. Moreover, the relative contribution of the PMN fraction to the whole-blood IFN score was threefold higher than expected from its abundance in blood ( p  = 0.008), whereas it was three- to sixfold lower for the other subsets ( p  ≤ 0.063), implying that the PMNs are most sensitive to IFN signaling. Concordantly,  IFNAR1  and  IFNAR2  were upregulated compared with healthy controls selectively in patient PMNs ( p  ≤ 0.0077) but not in PBMCs.    Conclusions  PMNs are the main contributors to the whole-blood type I IFN signature in patients with early arthritis, which seems due to increased sensitivity of these cells to type I IFN signaling. Considering the well-established role of neutrophils in the pathology of arthritis, this suggests a role of type I IFN activity in the disease as well.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-016-1065-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The type I interferon signature in leukocyte subsets from peripheral blood of patients with early arthritis: a major contribution by granulocytes