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Background  Currently, various zoonotic diseases are classified as emerging or reemerging. Because equids have a direct relationship with various vectors, they are possibly more frequently exposed to zoonotic agents than are humans. The undeniable importance of diseases such as human granulocytic anaplasmosis, spotted fever, and leishmaniasis for both public and animal health, as well as the possibility of equids acting as sources, reservoirs, or even sentinels for these pathogens, justifies the detection of their frequency and factors associated with infection in equids from northeastern Brazil.    Methods  Blood samples were collected from 569 equids (528 horses, 33 donkeys, and 8 mules), 516 from a rural area and 53 from an urban area. Pathogen detection was carried out as follows:  Borrelia  spp. and  Rickettsia  spp., serological analysis;  Leishmania  spp., serological analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR);  Anaplasma phagocytophilum,  PCR. Determination of associated factors was carried out through generalized linear models .Results  The frequencies of positivity for the pathogens observed in equids were as follows:  Borrelia  spp., 13.9% (79/569);  Leishmania  spp., 3.5% (20/569);  Rickettsia  spp. 33.4% (190/569). Regarding factors associated with infection, male sex was associated with protection against  Borrelia spp. ; donkeys and mules were associated with protection against  Rickettsia  spp., while a younger age was a risk factor. The infection of  A. phagocytophilum  was not detected in the sampled population. Co-infection was detected in 5.1% (29/569) of the animals.    Conclusions  Most of the studied pathogenic agents are present in the prospected area, indicating a possible risk for both human and animal health. This demonstrates that equids can be considered important sentinels in the assessment of pathogens with zoonotic potential in the region.Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04777-4.

parasites and vectors

Frequency and factors associated of potential zoonotic pathogens (Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Leishmania spp., and Anaplasma phagocytophilum) in equids in the state of Bahia, Brazil