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Background   Babesia microti  is an emerging tick-borne pathogen and the causative agent of human babesiosis. Mathematical modeling of the reproductive rate of  B. microti  indicates that it cannot persist in nature by horizontal tick-host transmission alone. We hypothesized that transplacental transmission in the reservoir population contributes to  B. microti  persistence and emergence in North American rodent populations.    Methods   Peromyscus leucopus  were collected from Connecticut and Block Island, Rhode Island and analyzed using a highly specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for infection with  B. microti .    Results  In April, 100% ( n  = 103) of mice were infected with  B. microti . Females exhibited significantly higher parasitemia than their offspring ( P  < 0.0001) and transplacental transmission was observed in 74.2% of embryos ( n  = 89). Transplacental transmission of  B. microti  is thus a viable and potentially important infectious pathway in naturally infected rodent species and should be considered in future theoretical and empirical studies.    Conclusions  To our knowledge, this study is the first to report transplacental transmission of  B. microti  occurring in its natural reservoir host,  P. leucopus,  in the United States and the only study that provides a quantitative estimate of parasitemia. This vector-independent pathway could contribute to the increased geographic range of  B. microti  or increase its abundance in endemic areas.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2875-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Transplacental transmission of tick-borne Babesia microti in its natural host Peromyscus leucopus