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Background  Rickettsiales ( Rickettsia  spp. and  Anaplasma phagocytophilum ) transmitted by ticks are considered (re-)emerging pathogens posing a risk to public health. Nevertheless, year-long monitoring studies on prevalences of these pathogens in questing ticks to contribute to public health risk assessment are rare.    Methods  The current study extends previous prevalence surveillances (2005 and 2010) by 2015 to a 10-year monitoring. Therefore, 2100 questing  Ixodes ricinus  were collected from April to October 2015 at ten different recreation sites in the city of Hanover, Germany, to determine potential changes in tick infection rates with Rickettsiales.    Results  Of the collected ticks, 288 were adult females, 285 adult males and 1527 nymphs. Overall, 3.8% (79/2100) of ticks were infected with  A. phagocytophilum , 50.8% (1066/2100) with  Rickettsia  spp. and 2.2% (46/2100) with both pathogens. Statistical analyses revealed stagnating  A. phagocytophilum  infection rates over the 10-year monitoring period, whereas  Rickettsia  infections increased significantly (33.3% in 2005 and 26.2% in 2010  vs  50.8% in 2015). This increase was also characterized by prominent seasonality with higher prevalences from July to October.    Conclusions  As increased tick infection rates result in an increased risk for public health, the long-term data reported here provide significant implications for the understanding of progressing Rickettsiales distribution in ticks and essentially contribute to reliable public health risk assessments.

parasites and vectors

A 10-year surveillance of Rickettsiales (Rickettsia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum) in the city of Hanover, Germany, reveals Rickettsia spp. as emerging pathogens in ticks