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Background  Little is known regarding tick-borne diseases in Mongolia, despite having 26% of the population still living nomadic pastoral lifestyles. A total of 1497 adult unfed ticks: 261  Ixodes persulcatus , 795  Dermacentor nuttalli , and 441  Hyalomma asiaticum , were collected from three ecologically distinct regions in Central Mongolia. Tick pools ( n  = 299) containing ~5 ticks each, were tested for  Rickettsia  and Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) using nested polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcription-PCR, and quantitative real-time RT-PCR.    Results  Assays yielded pooled prevalence of 92.5% (49/53) and 1.9% (1/53) for pooled  I. persulcatus  testing positive for “ Candidatus  Rickettsia tarasevichiae” and TBEV, respectively, while  Rickettsia raoultii  was found in 72.8% (115/158) of pooled  D. nuttalli  samples. When calculating a maximum likelihood estimation, an estimated 46.6% (95% CI: 35.2–63.6%) of  I. persulcatus  ticks in the pooled sample were infected with “ Candidatus  R. tarasevichiae”.    Conclusions  Both “ Candidatus  R. tarasevichiae” and  R. raoultii  are recognized as emerging tick-borne pathogens, with this being one of the first reports of “ Candidatus  R. tarasevichiae” in Mongolia. Given that “ Candidatus  R. tarasevichiae” shares the same vector ( I. persulcatus ) as TBEV, and infections may present with similar symptoms, Mongolian physicians treating suspected cases of TBEV should include “ Candidatus  R. tarasevichiae” infection in their differential diagnosis and consider prescribing antimicrobial therapy.

Distribution and molecular characteristics of rickettsiae found in ticks across Central Mongolia