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Background  Exploring different microbial sources for biotechnological production of organic acids is important. Dutch and Thai cow rumen samples were used as inocula to produce organic acid from starch waste in anaerobic reactors. Organic acid production profiles were determined and microbial communities were compared using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene amplicon pyrosequencing.    Results  In both reactors, lactate was the main initial product and was associated with growth of  Streptococcus  spp. (86% average relative abundance). Subsequently, lactate served as a substrate for secondary fermentations. In the reactor inoculated with rumen fluid from the Dutch cow, the relative abundance of  Bacillus  and  Streptococcus  increased from the start, and lactate, acetate, formate and ethanol were produced. From day 1.33 to 2, lactate and acetate were degraded, resulting in butyrate production. Butyrate production coincided with a decrease in relative abundance of  Streptococcus  spp. and increased relative abundances of bacteria of other groups, including  Parabacteroides ,  Sporanaerobacter , Helicobacteraceae, Peptostreptococcaceae and Porphyromonadaceae. In the reactor with the Thai cow inoculum,  Streptococcus  spp. also increased from the start. When lactate was consumed, acetate, propionate and butyrate were produced (day 3–4). After day 3, bacteria belonging to five dominant groups,  Bacteroides, Pseudoramibacter _ Eubacterium ,  Dysgonomonas , Enterobacteriaceae and Porphyromonadaceae, were detected and these showed significant positive correlations with acetate, propionate and butyrate levels.    Conclusions  The complexity of rumen microorganisms with high adaptation capacity makes rumen fluid a suitable source to convert organic waste into valuable products without the addition of hydrolytic enzymes. Starch waste is a source for organic acid production, especially lactate.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13068-018-1012-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Organic acid production from potato starch waste fermentation by rumen microbial communities from Dutch and Thai dairy cows