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Background  TMEM52B is a novel gene broadly expressed in a variety of normal human tissues. However, the biological function of TMEM52B expression in cancer is largely unknown.    Methods  The effects of TMEM52B on tumor growth and metastasis were investigated in vitro and in vivo, and the underlying biological and molecular mechanisms involved in this process were evaluated. Clinical datasets from KmPlotter and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed in relation to TMEM52B expression and function.    Results  Suppression of TMEM52B in colon cancer cells promoted cancer cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and survival in vitro. Similarly, in vivo studies showed increased tumor growth and circulating tumor cell survival (early metastasis). ERK1/2, JNK, and AKT signaling pathways were involved in TMEM52B suppression-induced invasiveness and cell survival. TMEM52B suppression promoted activation and internalization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with enhanced downstream signaling activity, leading to enhanced cell survival and invasion. In addition, TMEM52B suppression reduced E-cadherin stability, likely due to a reduced association between it and E-cadherin, which led to enhanced β-catenin transcriptional activity. Concomitantly, TMEM52B suppression promoted generation of soluble E-cadherin fragments, contributing to the activation of EGFR. Clinical data showed that high TMEM52B expression correlated with increased patient survival in multiple types of cancer, including breast, lung, kidney, and rectal cancers, and suggested a correlation between TMEM52B and E-cadherin.    Conclusions  These findings suggest that TMEM52B is a novel modulator of the interplay between E-cadherin and EGFR. It is possible that TMEM52B functions as a tumor-suppressor that could potentially be used as a novel prognostic marker for cancer.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-01828-7.

TMEM52B suppression promotes cancer cell survival and invasion through modulating E-cadherin stability and EGFR activity