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The transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is frequently overexpressed in cancerous tissues compared to normal tissues and has regulatory roles in cell proliferation, cell viability, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis and drug/immune resistance. YY1 shares many properties with cancer stem cells (CSCs) that drive tumorigenesis, metastasis and drug resistance and are regulated by overexpression of certain transcription factors, including SOX2, OCT4 (POU5F1), BMI1 and NANOG. Based on these similarities, it was expected that YY1 expression would be associated with SOX2, OCT4, BMI1, and NANOG’s expressions and activities. Data mining from the proteomic tissue-based datasets from the Human Protein Atlas were used for protein expression patterns of YY1 and the four CSC markers in 17 types of cancer, including both solid and hematological malignancies. A close association was revealed between the frequency of expressions of YY1 and SOX2 as well as SOX2 and OCT4 in all cancers analyzed. Two types of dynamics were identified based on the nature of their association, namely, inverse or direct, between YY1 and SOX2. These two dynamics define distinctive patterns of BMI1 and OCT4 expressions. The relationship between YY1 and SOX2 expressions as well as the expressions of BMI1 and OCT4 resulted in the classification of four groups of cancers with distinct molecular signatures:  1)  Prostate, lung, cervical, endometrial, ovarian and glioma cancers (YY1 lo SOX2 hi BMI1 hi OCT4 hi )  2)  Skin, testis and breast cancers (YY1 hi SOX2 lo BMI1 hi OCT4 hi )  3)  Liver, stomach, renal, pancreatic and urothelial cancers (YY1 lo SOX2 lo BMI1 hi OCT4 hi ) and  4)  Colorectal cancer, lymphoma and melanoma (YY1 hi SOX2 hi BMI1 lo OCT4 hi ). A regulatory loop is proposed consisting of the cross-talk between the NF-kB/PI3K/AKT pathways and the downstream inter-regulation of target gene products YY1, OCT4, SOX2 and BMI1.   Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-016-0359-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Yin Yang 1 is associated with cancer stem cell transcription factors (SOX2, OCT4, BMI1) and clinical implication