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Background  Failing to integrate all sources of a ubiquitous hazard candidate may explain inconsistent and/or null, and overall misleading, results in epidemiological studies such as those related to shift-work.    Methods  We explore this rationale on the assumption that Doll and Hill had confined their 1950 landmark study to smoking at workplaces alone. We assess how non-differential, or how differential, underestimation of exposure could have biased computed risks.    Results  Systematically unappreciated exposures at play could have led to substantial information bias. Beyond affecting the magnitude of risks, not even the direction of risk distortion would have been predictable.    Conclusions  Disturbed chronobiology research should consider cumulative doses from all walks of life. This is a  conditio  sine qua non  to avoid potentially biased and uninterpretable risk estimates when assessing effects of a ubiquitous hazard candidate.

journal of occupational medicine and toxicology

The riddle of shiftwork and disturbed chronobiology: a case study of landmark smoking data demonstrates fallacies of not considering the ubiquity of an exposure