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Comparatively few data are available concerning the structure of the adult nervous system in the Ectoprocta or Bryozoa. In contrast to all other ectoprocts, the cerebral ganglion of phylactolaemates contains a central fluid-filled lumen surrounded by a neuroepithelium. Preliminary observations have shown a small lumen within the cerebral ganglion of the ctenostome  Paludicella articulata . Ctenostome-grade ectoprocts are of phylogenetic relevance since they are considered to have retained ancestral ectoproct features. Therefore, the ctenostome  Paludicella articulata  was analyzed in order to contribute to the basal neural bauplan of ctenostomes and the Ectoprocta in general.    Results  The presence of a lumen and a neuroepithelial organization of the nerve cells within the cerebral ganglion are confirmed. Four tentacle nerves project from the cerebral ganglion into each tentacle. Three of the tentacle nerves (one abfrontal and two latero-frontal nerves) have an intertentacular origin, whereas the medio-frontal nerve arises from the cerebral ganglion. Six to eight visceral nerves and four tentacle sheath nerves are found to emanate from the cerebral ganglion and innervate the digestive tract and the tentacle sheath, respectively.    Conclusions  The situation in  P. articulata  corresponds to the situation found in other ctenostomes and supports the notion that four tentacle nerves are the ancestral configuration in Ectoprocta and not six as proposed earlier. The presence of a lumen in the ganglion represents the ancestral state in Ectoprocta which disappears during ontogeny in all except in adult Phylactolaemata and  P. articulata . It appears likely that it has been overlooked in earlier studies owing to its small size.

The nervous system of Paludicella articulata - first evidence of a neuroepithelium in a ctenostome ectoproct