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Background  Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to limit anti-viral immunity during chronic retroviral infection and to restrict vaccine-induced T cell responses. The objective of the study was to assess whether a combinational therapy of nanoparticle-based therapeutic vaccination and concomitant transient ablation of Tregs augments anti-viral immunity and improves virus control in chronically retrovirus-infected mice. Therefore, chronically Friend retrovirus (FV)-infected mice were immunized with calcium phosphate (CaP) nanoparticles functionalized with TLR9 ligand CpG and CD8 +  or CD4 +  T cell epitope peptides (GagL 85–93  or Env gp70 123–141 ) of FV. In addition, Tregs were ablated during the immunization process. Reactivation of CD4 +  and CD8 +  effector T cells was analysed and the viral loads were determined.    Results  Therapeutic vaccination of chronically FV-infected mice with functionalized CaP nanoparticles transiently reactivated cytotoxic CD8 +  T cells and significantly reduced the viral loads. Transient ablation of Tregs during nanoparticle-based therapeutic vaccination strongly enhanced anti-viral immunity and further decreased viral burden.    Conclusion  Our data illustrate a crucial role for CD4 +  Foxp3 +  Tregs in the suppression of anti-viral T cell responses during therapeutic vaccination against chronic retroviral infection. Thus, the combination of transient Treg ablation and therapeutic nanoparticle-based vaccination confers robust and sustained anti-viral immunity.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0258-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

retrovirology

Combination of nanoparticle-based therapeutic vaccination and transient ablation of regulatory T cells enhances anti-viral immunity during chronic retroviral infection