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Background  Human oligodendrocyte precursor cells (hOPCs) are an important source of myelinating cells for cell transplantation to treat demyelinating diseases. Myelin oligodendrocytes develop from migratory and proliferative hOPCs. It is well known that NG2 and A2B5 are important biological markers of hOPCs. However, the functional differences between the cell populations represented by these two biomarkers have not been well studied in depth.    Objective  To study the difference between NG2 and A2B5 cells in the development of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.    Methods  Using cell sorting technology, we obtained NG2+/−, A2B5+/− cells. Further research was then conducted via in vitro cell proliferation and migration assays, single-cell sequencing, mRNA sequencing, and cell transplantation into shiverer mice.    Results  The proportion of PDGFR-α + cells in the negative cell population was higher than that in the positive cell population. The migration ability of the NG2+/−, A2B5+/− cells was inversely proportional to their myelination ability. The migration, proliferation, and myelination capacities of the negative cell population were stronger than those of the positive cell population. The ability of cell migration and proliferation of the four groups of cells from high to low was: A2B5− > NG2− > NG2+ > A2B5+. The content of PDGFR-α+ cells and the ability of cell differentiation from high to low was: NG2− > A2B5− > A2B5+ > NG2+.    Conclusion  In summary, NG2+  and A2B5+ cells have poor myelination ability due to low levels of PDGFR-α+ cells. Therefore, hOPCs with a higher content of PDGFR-α+ cells may have a better effect in the cell transplantation treatment of demyelinating diseases.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02857-8.

Identifying the functions of two biomarkers in human oligodendrocyte progenitor cell development