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Background  Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is associated with premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) and a pro-inflammatory state whilst the proangiogenic miR-126-3p/-5p may play a role in CVD. Animal studies established miR-126 to be pro-angiogenic. We hypothesised miR-126-3p/-5p are reduced in T1DM whilst pro-inflammatory cytokines are increased.    Methods  29 well controlled, T1DM patients without CVD and 20 healthy controls (HCs) were studied. MiR-126-3p/-5p were assayed in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) whilst Chemokine C-X-C Receptor 1/2 ( CXCR1/2 ) mRNA in PBMCs by real-time quantitative PCR. Cytokines were assayed by the Mesoscale Discovery. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used to predict target genes, cellular functions and pathological states regulated by miR-126-3p/-5p. IPA generated both direct and indirect causations between different targets and analysed whether these effects would be inhibitory or stimulatory based on the published evidence.    Results  T1DM patients had a relatively good diabetic control (HbA1c = 7.4 ± 0.7% or 57.3 ± 7.6 mmol/mol). Homeostatic cytokine IL-7, pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α, and vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) were increased in T1DM, versus HCs;  p  = 0.008,  p  = 0.003,  p  = 0.041 and  p  = 0.013 respectively. MiR-126-5p was significantly upregulated in PBMCs in T1DM versus HCs;  p  = 0.01, but not in plasma. MiR-126-3p was unchanged.  CXCR1/2  were elevated in T1DM versus HCs;  p  = 0.009 and  p  < 0.001 respectively. MiR-126-5p was positively correlated with  CXCR1/2 , and with HbA1c whilst negatively correlated with circulating endothelial progenitor cells (CD34 + CD133 + CD45 dim ) and fibronectin adhesion assay in a combined group of T1DM patients and HCs;  p  = 0.028  p  = 0.049  p  = 0.035  p  = 0.047 and  p  = 0.004 respectively. IPA predicted miR-126-5p to be anti-inflammatory through the inhibition of chemokine C–C motif ligand 27, chymotrypsin-like elastase 2A and IL-7, whilst miR-126-3p had no direct anti-inflammatory effect. Simultaneously IPA predicted IL-7 as the most upstream cytokine target.    Conclusions  T1DM without apparent CVD or diabetic complications is an inflammatory state characterised not only by raised pro-inflammatory cytokines but also by increased receptor  CXCR1/2  and miR-126-5p. MiR-126-5p upregulation may represent a compensatory response. Pro-miR-126-5p therapies or anti-IL-7 therapies may be a new option to reduce both inflammation and CVD risk in T1DM. Further research is required in a large prospective study in patients with T1DM.

journal of translational medicine

MiR-126, IL-7, CXCR1/2 receptors, inflammation and circulating endothelial progenitor cells: The study on targets for treatment pathways in a model of subclinical cardiovascular disease (type 1 diabetes mellitus)