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Background  From a pharmacological perspective, readily-available, well-characterized animal models of cardiovascular disease, including relevant in vivo markers of atherosclerosis are important for evaluation of novel drug candidates. Furthermore, considering the impact of diabetes mellitus on atherosclerosis in human patients, inclusion of this disease aspect in the characterization of a such model, is highly relevant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of mild streptozotocin-induced diabetes on ex- and in vivo end-points in a diet-induced atherosclerotic minipig model.    Methods  Castrated male Göttingen minipigs were fed standard chow (CD), atherogenic diet alone (HFD) or with superimposed mild streptozotocin-induced diabetes (HFD-D). Circulating markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, lipid and glucose metabolism were evaluated together with coronary and aortic atherosclerosis after 22 or 43 diet-weeks. Group differences were evaluated by analysis of variance for parametric data and Kruskal–Wallis test for non-parametric data. For qualitative assessments, Fisher’s exact test was applied. For all analyses, p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.    Results  Overall, HFD and HFD-D displayed increased CRP, oxLDL and lipid parameters compared to CD at both time points. HFD-D displayed impaired glucose metabolism as compared to HFD and CD. Advanced atherosclerotic lesions were observed in both coronary arteries and aorta of HFD and HFD-D, with more advanced plaque findings in the aorta but without differences in lesion severity or distribution between HFD and HFD-D. Statistically, triglyceride was positively ( p  = 0.0039), and high-density lipoprotein negatively ( p  = 0.0461) associated with aortic plaque area.    Conclusions  In this model, advanced coronary and aortic atherosclerosis was observed, with increased levels of inflammatory markers, clinically relevant to atherosclerosis. No effect of mild streptozotocin-induced diabetes was observed on plaque area, lesion severity or inflammatory markers.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0670-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

journal of translational medicine

Göttingen minipig model of diet-induced atherosclerosis: influence of mild streptozotocin-induced diabetes on lesion severity and markers of inflammation evaluated in obese, obese and diabetic, and lean control animals