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Background  Increased intramuscular peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) with exercise directly or indirectly affects other tissues, but the effector pathway of PGC-1α has not been clearly elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise and/or dietary change on the protein levels of the soleus muscle energy-sensing network and meteorin-like (Metrnl), and additionally to analyze the detraining and retraining effects in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice.    Methods  One hundred male C57BL/6 mice were divided into normal-diet + sedentary (CO,  n  = 20) and HFD + sedentary (HF,  n  = 80) groups, and obesity was induced in the HF group through consumption of a 45% HFD for 6 weeks. The HF group was subdivided into HF only ( n  = 20), HF + training (HFT,  n  = 20), dietary change + sedentary (HFND,  n  = 20), and HFND + training (HFNDT,  n  = 20) groups, and the mice in the training groups underwent a treadmill training for 8 weeks, 5 times per week, 40 min per day. The HFT and HFNDT groups underwent 8-week training, 8-week detraining, and 4-week retraining.    Results  An 8-week training was effective in increasing the protein levels of soleus muscle AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), PGC-1α, and plasma Metrnl in the obese mice ( P  < 0.05). Moreover, exercise in obesity reduced body weight ( P  < 0.05), and exercise with dietary conversion was effective in reducing body weight ( P  < 0.05) and fat mass ( P  < 0.05) after 8-week training. 8-week detraining restored the increased protein level to the pre-exercise state, but, the previous exercise effect in body weight and fat mass ( P  < 0.05) of the HFNDT group remained until the end of 4-week detraining. 4-week retraining was effective in increasing the protein levels of soleus muscle AMPK, PGC-1α, blood Metrnl ( P  < 0.05), and reducing in body weight ( P  < 0.05) and fat mass ( P  < 0.05), when retraining with dietary change.    Conclusions  The results of this study suggest that regular exercise is indispensable to reduce body weight and fat mass through upregulation of the muscle energy-sensing network and Metrnl protein levels, and retraining with dietary change is necessary to obtain the retraining effects more quickly.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-018-0751-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Effects of detraining and retraining on muscle energy-sensing network and meteorin-like levels in obese mice