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Background  Vitamin D is important for brain function and linear growth. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy has been linked with impaired neurodevelopment during early childhood. However, there is limited evidence from population-based studies on the long-term impact of vitamin D deficiency on cognitive development and linear growth. The objective of the current analysis is to examine whether vitamin D deficiency during infancy and early childhood is associated with cognitive development and linear growth measured in school age.    Methods  This is a follow-up study of a placebo-controlled trial among 1000 North Indian children 6–30 months of age. We measured growth and neurodevelopment in 791 of these children when they were 6–9 years old. Neurodevelopment was measured using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th edition  INDIA , the Crichton Verbal Scale, NEPSY-II subtests, and the BRIEF 2. We categorized vitamin D concentrations during infancy and early childhood according to the US Institute of Medicine’s recommendations; serum 25(OH)D < 12 ng/ml as deficient; 12–20 ng/ml as inadequate; > 20 ng/ml as sufficient. In multivariable regression models, adjusting for relevant confounders, we estimated the association between vitamin D status, growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes.    Results  Among the 791 children, baseline vitamin D status was available for 716. Of these, 45.8% were vitamin D deficient, 32.7% were inadequate, and 21.5% were sufficient. Vitamin D status was not associated with any of the cognitive outcomes or linear growth [Adjusted β coefficient for height for age z-score between deficient and sufficient children was − 0.06 (95% CI − 0.24 to 0.11)] at follow up.    Conclusion  Our findings do not support the notion that poor vitamin D status in early childhood is an important limitation for cognitive development and linear growth.    Trial Registration  The trial was first registered at  www.clinicaltrials.gov  as   NCT00717730  in July, 2008, and at  CTRI/2010/091/001090  in August, 2010 and then as  CTRI/2016/11/007494  in November 2016.

nutrition journal

Vitamin D status in early childhood is not associated with cognitive development and linear growth at 6–9 years of age in North Indian children: a cohort study