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Background  Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are the malaria control interventions primarily responsible for reductions in transmission intensity across sub-Saharan Africa. These interventions, however, may have differential impact on  Anopheles  species composition and density. This study examined the changing pattern of  Anopheles  species in three areas of Uganda with markedly different transmission intensities and different levels of vector control.    Methods  From October 2011 to June 2016 mosquitoes were collected monthly using CDC light traps from 100 randomly selected households in three areas: Walukuba (low transmission), Kihihi (moderate transmission) and Nagongera (high transmission). LLINs were distributed in November 2013 in Walukuba and Nagongera and in June 2014 in Kihihi. IRS was implemented only in Nagongera, with three rounds of bendiocarb delivered between December 2014 and June 2015. Mosquito species were identified morphologically and by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction).    Results  In Walukuba, LLIN distribution was associated with a decline in  Anopheles funestus  vector density (0.07  vs  0.02 mosquitoes per house per night, density ratio [DR] 0.34, 95% CI: 0.18–0.65,  p  = 0.001), but not  Anopheles gambiae  sensu stricto ( s.s.)  nor  Anopheles arabiensis . In Kihihi, over 98% of mosquitoes were  An. gambiae s.s . and LLIN distribution was associated with a decline in  An. gambiae s.s.  vector density (4.00  vs  2.46, DR 0.68, 95% CI: 0.49–0.94,  p  = 0.02). In Nagongera, the combination of LLINs and multiple rounds of IRS was associated with almost complete elimination of  An. gambiae s.s.  (28.0  vs  0.17, DR 0.004, 95% CI: 0.002–0.009,  p  < 0.001), and  An. funestus  sensu lato ( s.l .) (3.90  vs  0.006, DR 0.001, 95% CI: 0.0005–0.004,  p  < 0.001), with a less pronounced decline in  An. arabiensis  (9.18  vs  2.00, DR 0.15 95% CI: 0.07–0.33,  p  < 0.001) .Conclusions  LLIN distribution was associated with reductions in  An. funestus s.l.  in the lowest transmission site and  An. gambiae s.s.  in the moderate transmission site. In the highest transmission site, a combination of LLINs and multiple rounds of IRS was associated with the near collapse of  An. gambiae s.s.  and  An. funestus s.l.  Following IRS,  An. arabiensis , a behaviourally resilient vector, became the predominant species, which may have implications for malaria vector control activities. Development of interventions targeted at outdoor biting remains a priority.

malaria journal

Impact of seasonality and malaria control interventions on Anopheles density and species composition from three areas of Uganda with differing malaria endemicity