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Background  Certain species of macaques are natural hosts of  Plasmodium knowlesi  and  Plasmodium cynomolgi , which can both cause malaria in humans, and  Plasmodium inui,  which can be experimentally transmitted to humans. A significant number of zoonotic malaria cases have been reported in humans throughout Southeast Asia, including Thailand. There have been only two studies undertaken in Thailand to identify malaria parasites in non-human primates in 6 provinces. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of  P. knowlesi, P. cynomolgi, P. inui, Plasmodium coatneyi  and  Plasmodium fieldi  in non-human primates from 4 new locations in Thailand.    Methods  A total of 93 blood samples from  Macaca fascicularis ,  Macaca leonina  and  Macaca arctoides  were collected from four locations in Thailand: 32 were captive  M. fascicularis  from Chachoengsao Province (CHA), 4 were wild  M. fascicularis  from Ranong Province (RAN), 32 were wild  M. arctoides  from Prachuap Kiri Khan Province (PRA), and 25 were wild  M. leonina  from Nakornratchasima Province (NAK). DNA was extracted from these samples and analysed by nested PCR assays to detect  Plasmodium,  and subsequently to detect  P. knowlesi, P. coatneyi ,  P. cynomolgi, P. inui  and  P. fieldi .    Results  Twenty-seven of the 93 (29%) samples were  Plasmodium -positive by nested PCR assays. Among wild macaques, all 4 M . fascicularis  at RAN were infected with malaria parasites followed by 50% of 32 M . arctoides  at PRA and 20% of 25 M . leonina  at NAK. Only 2 (6.3%) of the 32 captive  M. fascicularis  at CHA were malaria-positive. All 5 species of  Plasmodium  were detected and 16 (59.3%) of the 27 macaques had single infections, 9 had double and 2 had triple infections. The composition of  Plasmodium  species in macaques at each sampling site was different.  Macaca arctoides  from PRA were infected with  P. knowlesi, P. coatneyi ,  P. cynomolgi, P. inui  and  P. fieldi .    Conclusions  The prevalence and species of  Plasmodium  varied among the wild and captive macaques, and between macaques at 4 sampling sites in Thailand.  Macaca arctoides  is a new natural host for  P. knowlesi, P. inui, P. coatneyi  and  P. fieldi.

malaria journal

Malaria parasites in macaques in Thailand: stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) are new natural hosts for Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium coatneyi and Plasmodium fieldi