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Background  This is now a concern that malaria eradication will not be achieved without the introduction of novel control tools. Microbiological control might be able to make a greater contribution to vector control in the future. The interactions between bacteria and mosquito make mosquito microbiota really promising from a disease control perspective. Here, the impact of  Chromobacterium violaceum  infections, isolated from both larvae and adult of wild-caught  Anopheles gambiae  sensu lato mosquitoes in Burkina Faso, was evaluated on mosquito survival, blood feeding and fecundity.    Methods  To assess entomopathogenic effects of  C. violaceum  infection on mosquitoes, three different types of bioassays were performed in laboratory. These bioassays aimed to evaluate the impact of  C. violaceum  infection on mosquito survival, blood feeding and fecundity, respectively. During bioassays mosquitoes were infected through the well-established system of cotton ball soaked with 6% glucose containing  C. violaceum .    Results   Chromobacterium violaceum  kills pyrethroid resistant  Anopheles coluzzii  (LT80 of 8.78 days ± 0.18 at 10 8  bacteria cell/ml of sugar meal). Interestingly, this bacterium had other negative effects on mosquito lifespan by significantly reducing (~ 59%, P < 0.001) the mosquito feeding willingness from day 4-post infection (~ 81% would seek a host to blood feed) to 9- day post infection (22 ± 4.62% would seek a host to blood feed). Moreover,  C. violaceum  considerably jeopardized the egg laying (~ 16 eggs laid/mosquito with  C. violaceum  infected mosquitoes  vs  ~ 129 eggs laid/mosquito with control mosquitoes) and hatching of mosquitoes (a reduction of ~ 22% of hatching rate with  C. violaceum  infected mosquitoes). Compared to the bacterial uninfected mosquitoes, mosquitoes infected with  C. violaceum  showed significantly higher retention rates of immature eggs and follicles.    Conclusion  These data showed important properties of Burkina Faso  C. violaceum  strains, which are highly virulent against insecticide-resistant  An. coluzzii , and reduce both mosquito blood feeding and fecundity propensities. However, additional studies as the sequencing of  C. violaceum  genome and the potential toxins secreted will provide useful information render it a potential candidate for the biological control strategies of malaria and other disease vectors.

malaria journal

Infection of highly insecticide-resistant malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii with entomopathogenic bacteria Chromobacterium violaceum reduces its survival, blood feeding propensity and fecundity