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Background  Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that are involved in many normal cellular processes and various kinds of environmental stress. There is still no report regarding the diversity and phylogenetics research of HSP superfamily of genes at whole genome level in insects, and the HSP gene association with pyrethroid resistance is also not well known. The present study investigated the diversity, classification, scaffold location, characteristics, and phylogenetics of the superfamily of genes in  Anopheles sinensis  genome, and the HSP genes associated with pyrethroid resistance.    Methods  The present study identified the HSP genes in the  An. sinensis  genome, analysed their characteristics, and deduced phylogenetic relationships of all HSPs in  An. sinensis ,  Anopheles gambiae ,  Culex quinquefasciatus  and  Aedes aegypti  by bioinformatic methods. Importantly, the present study screened the HSPs associated with pyrethroid resistance using three field pyrethroid-resistant populations with RNA-seq and RT-qPCR, and looked over the HSP gene expression pattern for the first time in  An. sinensis  on the time-scale post insecticide treatment with RT-qPCR.    Results  There are 72 HSP genes in  An. sinensis  genome, and they are classified into five families and 11 subfamilies based on their molecular weight, homology and phylogenetics. Both RNA-seq and qPCR analysis revealed that the expression of  AsHSP90AB ,  AsHSP70 - 2  and  AsHSP21.7  are significantly upregulated in at least one field pyrethroid-resistant population. Eleven genes are significantly upregulated in different period after pyrethroid exposure. The HSP90, sHSP and HSP70 families are proposed to be involved in pyrethroid stress response based in expression analyses of three field pyrethroid-resistant populations, and expression pattern on the time scale post insecticide treatment. The  AsHSP90AB  gene is proposed to be the essential HSP gene for pyrethroid stress response in  An. sinensis .    Conclusions  This study provides the information frame for HSP superfamily of genes, and lays an important basis for the better understanding and further research of HSP function in insect adaptability to diverse environments.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2770-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

HSP superfamily of genes in the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis: diversity, phylogenetics and association with pyrethroid resistance