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Background  Small islands serve as potential malaria reservoirs through which new infections might come to the mainland and may be important targets in malaria elimination efforts. This study investigated malaria vector species diversity, blood-meal hosts,  Plasmodium  infection rates, and long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) coverage on Mageta, Magare and Ngodhe Islands of Lake Victoria in western Kenya, a region where extensive vector control is implemented on the mainland.    Results  From trapping for six consecutive nights per month (November 2012 to March 2015) using CDC light traps, pyrethrum spray catches and backpack aspiration, 1868  Anopheles  mosquitoes were collected. Based on their cytochrome oxidase I ( COI ) and intergenic spacer region PCR and sequencing,  Anopheles gambiae  s.l. (68.52%),  Anopheles coustani  (19.81%) and  Anopheles funestus  s.l. (11.67%) mosquitoes were differentiated. The mean abundance of  Anopheles  mosquitoes per building per trap was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in Mageta than in Magare and Ngodhe. Mageta was also the most populated island (n = 6487) with low LLIN coverage of 62.35% compared to Ngodhe (n = 484; 88.31%) and Magare (n = 250; 98.59%). Overall, 416 (22.27%) engorged  Anopheles  mosquitoes were analysed, of which 41 tested positive for  Plasmodium falciparum  infection by high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis of 18S rRNA and cytochrome b PCR products.  Plasmodium falciparum  infection rates were 10.00, 11.76, 0, and 18.75% among blood-fed  An. gambiae  s.s. (n = 320),  Anopheles arabiensis  (n = 51),  An. funestus  s.s. (n = 29), and  An. coustani  (n = 16), respectively. Based on HRM analysis of vertebrate cytochrome b,  16S  rRNA and  COI  PCR products, humans (72.36%) were the prominent blood-meal hosts of malaria vectors, but 20.91% of blood-meals were from non-human vertebrate hosts.    Conclusions  These findings demonstrate high  Plasmodium  infection rates among the primary malaria vectors  An. gambiae  s.s. and  An. arabiensis , as well as in  An. coustani  for the first time in the region, and that non-human blood-meal sources play an important role in their ecology. Further, the higher  Anopheles  mosquito abundances on the only low LLIN coverage island of Mageta suggests that high LLIN coverage has been effective in reducing malaria vector populations on Magare and Ngodhe Islands.

malaria journal

Composition of Anopheles mosquitoes, their blood-meal hosts, and Plasmodium falciparum infection rates in three islands with disparate bed net coverage in Lake Victoria, Kenya