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Background  Most odour baits designed to attract host-seeking mosquitoes contain carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), which enhances trap catches, given its role as a mosquito flight activator. However, the use of CO 2  is expensive and logistically demanding for prolonged area-wide use.    Methods  This study explored the possibility of replacing organically-produced CO 2  with 2-butanone in odour blends targeting host-seeking malaria mosquitoes. During semi-field and field experiments MM-X traps were baited with a human odour mimic (MB5 blend) plus CO 2  or 2-butanone at varying concentrations. Unbaited traps formed a control. The attraction of  Anopheles gambiae s.s. ,  Anopheles arabiensis  and  Anopheles funestus  to these differently baited traps was measured and mean catch sizes were compared to determine whether 2-butanone could form a viable replacement for CO 2  for these target species.    Results  Under semi-field conditions significantly more female  An. gambiae  mosquitoes were attracted to a reference attractant blend (MB5 + CO 2 ) compared to MB5 without CO 2  (P < 0.001), CO 2  alone (P < 0.001), or a trap without a bait (P < 0.001). Whereas MB5 + CO 2  attracted significantly more mosquitoes than its variants containing MB5 plus different dilutions of 2-butanone (P = 0.001), the pure form (99.5%) and the 1.0% dilution of 2-butanone gave promising results. In the field mean indoor catches of wild female  An. gambiae s.l.  in traps containing MB5 + CO 2  (5.07 ± 1.01) and MB5 + 99.5% 2-butanone (3.10 ± 0.65) did not differ significantly (P = 0.09). The mean indoor catches of wild female  An. funestus  attracted to traps containing MB5 + CO 2  (3.87 ± 0.79) and MB5 + 99.5% 2-butanone (3.37 ± 0.70) were also similar (P = 0.635). Likewise, the mean outdoor catches of  An .  gambiae  and  An .  funestus  associated with MB5 + CO 2  (1.63 ± 0.38 and 0.53 ± 0.17, respectively) and MB5 + 99.5% 2-butanone (1.33 ± 0.32 and 0.40 ± 0.14, respectively) were not significantly different (P = 0.544 and P = 0.533, respectively).    Conclusion  These results demonstrate that 2-butanone can serve as a good replacement for CO 2  in synthetic blends of attractants designed to attract host-seeking  An. gambiae s.l.  and  An. funestus  mosquitoes. This development underscores the possibility of using odour-baited traps (OBTs) for monitoring and surveillance as well as control of malaria vectors and potentially other mosquito species.

2-Butanone as a carbon dioxide mimic in attractant blends for the Afrotropical malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus