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Background  Bisphosphonates (BPs) including zoledronate (zol) have become standard care for bone metastases as they effectively inhibit tumor-induced osteolysis and associated pain. Several studies have also suggested that zol has direct anti-tumor activity. Systemic administration at high doses is the current approach to deliver zol, yet it has been associated with debilitating side effects. Local therapeutic delivery offers the ability to administer much lower total dosage, while at the same time maintaining sustained high-local drug concentration directly at the target treatment site. Here, we aimed to assess effects of lower doses of zol on bone metastases over a longer time.    Methods  Prostate cancer cell line LAPC4 and prostate-induced bone metastasis cells were treated with zol at 1, 3 and 10 µM for 7 days. Following treatment, cell proliferation was assessed using Almarblue ® , Vybrant MTT ® , and Live/Dead ®  viability/cytotoxicity assays. Additionally, cell migration and invasion were carried out using Falcon™ cell culture inserts and Cultrex ®  3D spheroid cell invasion assays respectively.    Results  We show that treatment with 3–10 µM zol over 7-days significantly decreased cell proliferation in both the prostate cancer cell line LAPC4 and cells from spine metastases secondary to prostate cancer. Using the same low-dose and longer time course for treatment, we demonstrate that 10 µM zol also significantly inhibits tumor cell migration and 3D-cell growth/invasion.    Conclusions  This project harnesses the potential of using zol at low doses for longer treatment periods, which may be a viable treatment modality when coupled with biomaterials or biodevices for local delivery.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-019-0745-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Low-dose zoledronate for the treatment of bone metastasis secondary to prostate cancer